Books
Work-As-Done
Safety–I and Safety–II: The Past and Future of Safety Management
Hollnagel, Erik. Farnham, Surrey, England, and Burlington, Vermont, U.S.: Ashgate, 2014. 200 pp. Figures, tables, glossary, index. Hardcover, paperback, ebook PDF, ePUB PDF.
Hollnagel, professor at the University of Southern Denmark, argues that it is time for a new strategy in safety management. He distinguishes the new process, which he calls Safety–II, from the traditional one that he names Safety–I.
Here is how he defines the two:
- Safety–I: “Safety is the condition where the number of adverse outcomes (accidents/ incidents/near misses) is as low as possible. Safety–I is achieved by trying to make sure that things do not go wrong, either by eliminating the causes of malfunctions and hazards, or by containing their effects.”
- Safety–II: “Safety is a condition where the number of successful outcomes is as h…
